How Did Horses Have so Many More Starts in Past Decades?

On another thread, ASB brought up the Kentucky Derby winner, Carry Back. When I looked at his page on pedigreequery, I noticed the large number of starts of some of his progeny. My comment:

Getting off onto another tangent: look at some of Carry Back’s offspring! 203 starts for Diamond in the Sky! 173 for Prince Marigold! 13 horses listed on pedigreequery with more than 100 starts and a bunch in the 90s. Since that site is usually incomplete, there are probably more. Wow.
https://www.pedigreequery.com/index…l%20Horses&cf=

What did they do differently back then? Did they run horses lame? Were the races easier or the tracks better? Did they run them for many more years? Were the horses simply sounder?

I see that Carry Back is a descendant of Domino, like one of my favorite horses, Broad Brush. Carry Back has both Domino and Domino’s full sister, Mannie Himyar, in his pedigree, which is interesting. Is it unusual to see that many starts in horses of that era or is it a sign that the Domino line is really, really sound?

Well, I can only speak concretely about the things I have experienced in my lifetime. I was not alive when many of the aforementioned horses were running.

There’s no denying that the average starts per runner has been on a steady decline since we have been recording such data. But a few observations:

  • Per Equibase, Diamond in the Sky made his last start, a DNF, in 1983 at 15 years of age. Most racing jurisdictions today have rules in place about racing a horse of such advanced age; even when there are no rules, you'd still likely be under heavy scrutiny of the officials.
  • There were more racetracks, more racing opportunities, and less regulation 30, 40, 50 years ago than there is today. More opportunity = more opportunity to find a spot where your horse will be competitive. "Lose your maiden, lose your best friend" is becoming an ever increasing problem for lower level horses, because the competition in the NWx1,2,3 conditions can be cutthroat even despite decreasing fields overall.
  • It has become SO much more expensive to campaign a racehorse than it was in the past thanks to variables too numerous to try to list. It doesn't make financial sense to compete a horse into old age unless he is paying his way.
  • Racing is under more public scrutiny than it was in the past. Live simulcast streaming, drug testing sensitive to the picogram, free access to any horse's information, YouTube and omnipresent cell phone video cameras, not to mention a large contingent of people watching the industry's every move and claiming abuse. While I wasn't alive in the early to mid parts of the 20th century, trainers could easily get away with a lot more unscrupulous behavior. If they could, I'm sure they did.
  • Increased animal welfare. The general public no longer considers horses commodities. People in general are a lot more likely to stop and let a horse live out it's life than push to the end.
  • There are quite a number of horses today who still make 100s of starts. It's not as uncommon as you might think. Less than 60 seconds on pedigree query/equibase and I was able to verify a handful who were active in the 2010s.
Reiterating, I fully agree that horses today race less than their counterparts of yesteryear; the data supports the trend. But it's a lot more complicated than just looking at starts per runner. The game is influenced by many signs of the times.
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Many years ago when I was having my previous horse operated on for a bone chip, there was a race horse being operated on at the same facility. While talking to the vet assistants I was told that because the cost of developing a successful racehorse was so high, more owners were inclined to repair a successful racehorse than in previous years.

There… that is all I know on the subject, changing times in the racing industry, but thank you Tex for the fascinating info.

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I am going to speak from the standardbred side - which, while maybe not to the degree you are seeing, is the same trend. They are getting faster and subsequently finer. They just can’t hold up to the starts anymore.The STBs used to go multiple heats (races) regularly in the same day; now it is reserved to a few races in the very elite classes.

I say they are getting finer and less able to handle the schedule - I assume they flat out can’t hold up to it anymore, both on the TB and STB level, but honestly I don’t know if it’s that, or the perception that they can’t. Maybe they could if they were trained for it. But you probably give up either the speed or the endurance in training nowadays.

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I wonder if the fewer starts nowadays is related to the current emphasis on shorter (sprint-distance) races? Perhaps horses last longer over longer distances–they go slower, the conditioning might be different.

Speed kills? Or at least decreases racing longevity?

Or is it the other way around? Fewer starts nowadays says get the horses to the track while you can, so race shorter distances?

Chicken or egg?

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@Big_Tag I totally get what you’re saying. You hear the same said of TBs today; “they don’t hold up like they used to.” TBs have also gotten faster. Although I’m slow to point my finger at the breed themselves as the exclusive source of declining starts.

Consider the past 50 years-- from 1968 to today. While much of racing and management practices have remained the same, we’ve also had a major change in the technology and pharmaceuticals available for use. We have a lot of (legal) palliative treatments today to keep a horse running while the only alternative in the past might have been time off. I don’t just mean the hot button topics like Lasix-- we have nebulizers and broad spectrum antibiotics to combat upper airway infections, we have more painkillers and analgesic techniques to reduce inflammation to speed the healing process, we have support for gastric health, we have improved farrier technology that can keep a horse working through hoof problems that were at one time crippling, etc. These horses are sound and able to run when they run. No one would deny a horse something that improves their standard of living. But what effect does it have on them over time?

We also now have drug testing that prevents people from competing horses on legitimate performance enhancers whose use was rampant prior to today’s sensitive techniques.

@Maythehorsebewithme There hasn’t really been a shift in the distances of races; that’s a really common misconception. While North America has lost interest in longer races, it hasn’t been in exchange for more short races per se. North America embraced the dirt oval style of racing in the 19th century; ever since we’ve had dirt ovals, our cards have consisted mostly of sprints and races around a mile. The longer races on dirt ovals (like the 2 mile JC Gold Cup) were always a bit of a novelty; now they’ve gone from “novelty” to “scarce.”

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Yes, there has been a decline in racing, but no one can pinpoint one reason

“From 1976 to 2017, the average number of starts per year for horses in the United States fell 38.5% from 10 to 6.15. It’s a trend that has impacted all class levels. Horses with at least one grade 1 start have seen their starts decline 49% during that time period to 5.5 starts a season, and horses with at least two claiming race starts are racing 8.5 times a year, down 32% since 1976.”

https://www.bloodhorse.com/horse-racing/articles/229928/starts-by-u-s-horses-continue-downward-trend

We also have much better science and an understanding of conditioning now than we did back then, so hopefully trainers are giving horses a bit more time rather than racing them over and over and over.

Horses are also bigger now, which impacts the ability to stay sound. They are carrying more weight on slightly longer cannon bones that have not had a corresponding increase in circumference.

https://www.paulickreport.com/features/bloodlines/bloodlines-size-and-the-thoroughbred/

Hopefully people are getting the point that it’s a detriment to gallop a horse miles and miles, and conscientious speed work is where the horse gains fitness and the ability to withstand racing without getting injured… The miles and miles add wear and tear but not condition.

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Having grown up in what most would consider the tail end of the Golden Age of racing. Mom and step-pop Md racing family, claimers. Father who was involved in the Big Show. Worked for some “names” in the game in the early 70s as a groom. Around a lot of the “names” in a business and social level.

IMO I don’t put a lot of stock in what the “studies” have to say about things.

A different era and a different mentality. Trainers and owners.

I don’t think horses are much different, I don’t think breeders are breeding softer/weaker horses.

Sprint races have be the norm for decades. But racetrack in the east carded jump races most days of the week. At least one. That pretty much faded out in the 70s.

Yes, the racetracks and races offered had declined. But so had the foal crop. Water seeks its own level. There are plenty of horses being bred. Supply outstrips demand. Plenty of horses not enough people interested in owning them.

The average horse IME ran 2-3 times a month. Stake horses ran at least 2 times a month on average. A lot of horses depending on things were given a break for a couple of months in the winter. My experience in my early years was strictly in the Mid-Atlantic area.

Owners and trainer were “game-sporting”. They were willing to run, win-lose or draw. Now and for a number of years now trainers are reluctant to run unless they have a VERY good chance of winning. Or have to run a horse to keep the racing secretary happy when asked.

Racing has become much more of a business, money management. Esp at the top end. Racing has been “marketed” by my generation as a business. Which set the bar very high for trainers to fulfill owners expectations. IMO racing is, should be looked at as entertainment. Like spending money on skiing, a boat, vacations. going to Vegas. Having fun win-lose or draw. No buys a boat expecting to make money. At least with racing the is a big pot of gold at the end of the rainbow. We’re all chasing it, very few find it. But it is there.

IMO the single biggest change that has cause a decline in starts. When the DRF started publishing a trainer’s Win %Stats. EVERY modern day owner I have talked with about choosing a trainer is based on this number. Trainers know this. The train, pick races for this number. Far better to run a horse once a month with an excellent chance of winning. Then running 3 times to win one race. Number of “places” doesn’t carry a lot of weight when an owner is looking at a potential trainer.

The rise of the “supper trainers” has changed the dynamics considerably. A huge amount of horses are in the hands of a few trainers. They know their win % is what keep owners calling. Small trainers know this also. IMO it falls under the term, expression; “The perfect Storm”.

When I was offered an assistants trainer job by Woody Stephens, one of several working for him at the time.(I didn’t take it, that’s another story) Mr Stephens was at the top of his game. Still considered one of the best there ever was. But he never had much more than 40+ horses in his barn. I can’t think of any legendary trainer’s barn I was in had much more. Most had less.

Some of the supper trainers have 200-300±. They manage more than train. Wayne Lukas figured this out in the 80s. Surrounded himself with TOP staff and assistants. IMO he was the first Supper Trainer. I was in/around his barn a fair bit back then. Impressive.

There are too many races being offered. Plain and simple. The reason for that is more complicated then it looks on face value.

Yes, social media has and does come into play. The industry was VERY slow to embrace, use to its advantage. Allowed BS to spread like wild fires kept unchecked. The horses had long left the barn before the powers that be figured out they better start closing some of the barn doors.

For me the writing on the wall became very clear in one simple statement. It came from someone was hoping, trying to get into the sport as an owner. Not big money, had plenty to be a “blue collar” owner.

He said; “I love racing, always wanted to own a racehorse. But my wife doesn’t think it is something we should be associated with”.

This was a good 10 years ago. It was shocking. But given I have been on, following “social media” in one form or another since the mid 90s. It was not totally surprising. I wrote to some of the powers that be that I have known for along time about this “statement”. How the industry HAS to start doing something. It was basically dismissed.

I hate being right about things I would much rather be wrong about.

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They are certainly bigger on average. I am seeing many more 17h TBs than I ever did in the early 2000s… but… it’s not just the cannon bones that are longer - the entire structure is.

What I want to know (maybe I missed it in the article?), and it is why I feel that article is slightly misleading, is whether or not there is actually an increase in length vs body proportions, like the article insinuates… or… if the percentage has remained the same. In other words, whether the cannon bone has increased proportionately with body size. If that is the case… then… the increase in cannon bone length is not necessarily a bad thing.

In any event, when you breed for speed (performance), as racing certainly does, there is going to be radical (and sometimes not radical) changes in phenotype in the population overtime. We know what speed requires, from an anatomy standpoint – and the increase in body length and leg length is just one of many changes that will happen to the TB overtime so long as it is bred for speed performance.

On the subject of bigger being inherently more unsound… this is something I would love to see studied someday; whether or not there is a difference in 15.2h and 17h horses in terms of soundness. Better nutrition, better food, better understanding, better progenitors… all contribute to making a bigger horse - at what point does the horse’s size exceed its morphology in racing? What about in other sports?

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But, Beowolf, horses in the modern era, even with improved science, nutrition and training changes, aren’t faster than horses were in the past. There are quite a few research papers that have shown that to be the case.

To me, one of the great changes has been the breeding of TBs to match the phenotype of Quarter Horses. Downhill is the norm, and downhill is probably good for sprinters. Since we are breeding sprinters, even more races are written for sprinters. Look at the Haskins article about the 2019 graded stakes, where two turn races are downgraded and sprints are upgraded. That would most likely mean that more GI stallions will be sprinters from sprinter lines, leading to more highly rated sprints.

The North American TB industry is moving away even from two turn races, much less the stayer races that are still run in the rest of the world.

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Here’s my $.02 cents – for what it’s worth.

I think that the commercialization of breeding in the early 80’s has played a large part in what has changed the game tremendously. The sales ring is (for the most part) driving what is being bred. The aim is to produce a big, fast-maturing, precocious-looking yearling. No one wants a weedy, upside-down yearling that takes longer to mature, but may prove sounder in the long run.

With that comes the commercialization of the horses themselves. Top colt’s careers are being managed like a stock portfolio - targeting races and planning careers that will make them appealing stallion prospects. Millions and millions of dollars are on the line. A loss in a key race can be a huge financial loss in terms of stud deals.

I think at the bottom end of the market, it isn’t as unusual to see horses racing until 8, 9, even 10, with careers of 50+ races. That’s what I see at tracks like Suffolk Downs and Finger Lakes.

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I think major changes in speed in a population as a whole, would take much longer than twenty years, wouldn’t it?

Regarding the other comment PB made, about circumference of cannon bones - it’s been proven time and time again that the circumference of a cannon bone has little to nothing to do with bone density - there are horses on stick thin legs that have better bone density than horses with more proportionate limbs. So why is the cannon circumference something people think lends (or does not lend) itself to soundness?

I think a lot of it has to do with physics - lengths, angles, etc and how it all works together. You’ll need an engineer to explain it. Of course a more dense bone is stronger, but it is also heavier, so will dense bones lead to more soft tissue injuries because the horse with dense bone is heavier than the same size horse with less dense bone?

WRT circumference, as you increase length, you need to correspondingly increase circumference to keep the same strength.

With the correct training program (progressive loading) the cannon bone remodels to be stronger and more able to withstand racing. Associated tendons and ligaments are also strengthened.

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I really appreciate your insight, as always.

I completely agree on your last point that I quoted above. I think the industry’s sluggishness to adapt to modern society, including social media, is one of the proverbial nails in the coffin for horse racing.

“They” (collectively meaning the businessmen who own the tracks and state officials, yet even many owners, trainers, etc. could be included) took the wrong stance at the wrong time. “They” alienated the general public while simultaneously ignoring social media. In hindsight, the combination created a cataclysm of bad PR from which I don’t think racing will ever recover.

Even now, the powers that be still don’t seem to get it. Individuals in the industry have gotten on board with trying to win back the general public, but many of the “leaders” still cling to this notion that the general public doesn’t generate us revenue, so we don’t need to be concerned with their opinion.

It’s only a matter of time before we have a Florida greyhound situation on our hands.

What’s even more frustrating is that it all starts with positive, proactive PR. Hire good social media directors. Clean up the scum. Invite the public in instead of eschewing them. Let them see that the “doom and gloom” narrative they read online from PETA isn’t the actual story. But no, they just keep on keeping on… waiting for some magic legislative savior or for a time machine to take them back to the 1980s…

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I’d be really curious to see these-- papers comparing horses from the era in which the OP refers to the horses of today. Can you recommend any?

Here is a list of North American track records from Equibase. Sprint times have been getting faster, but there are no new records as races get longer. There isn’t a new record from 2000 to today in races a mile and 1/16th and longer. http://www.equibase.com/about/northamericanrecords.cfm

Here is a list of the top times in the Kentucky Derby. 1) Secretariat 1973-1:59 2/5; 2) Monarchos 2001 1:59.97; 3) Northern Dancer 1964 2:00; 4)Spend A Buck 1985 2:00 1/5; 5) Decidedly 1962 2:00.40; 6) Proud Clarion 1967 2:00.60; 7) Grindstone 1997 2:01.06; 8) Fusaichi Pegasus 2000 2:01.12 9) Funny Cide 2003 2:01.19

Here’s a list of Pimlico’s track records: http://www.pimlico.com/race-info/track-records

Gallant Fox won the Belmont in 1930 with a time of 2:31 3/5; Drosselmeyer won it in 2010 in 2:31.57. Both were on “good” tracks. In 2015 American Pharoah won the Belmont in the fastest time since 2001 at 2:26 65. 1957 Gallant Man won the Belmont in 2:26 3/5.

[A]nother opinion comes from Richard Sowers, who researched the subject while writing his recently released book “The Abstract Primer of Thoroughbred Racing.” Sowers has found that sprinters are getting faster, while routers are not. He notes that the five fastest winning times since 1946 in stakes races run at six furlongs have all been recorded since 1999. By contrast, there have been 11 1 1/4-mile stakes races won in 1:58 3/5 or faster since 1946. Only one has been within the last 14 years, the 1991 Suburban won by In Excess.

“Horses are getting faster at shorter distances but not longer distances,” he said. “The reason is that everybody is breeding for speed, rather than stamina. They’ve cut the distance of so many important races. The Belmont is the last mile-and-a-half Grade I race in the country on dirt. I don’t know how it happened, but a mile and an eighth has become the classic distance.”

http://www.espn.com/horse/columns/misc/1923297.html

Here is a paper that you should read–Founder-specific inbreeding depression affects racing performance in Thoroughbred horses, https://europepmc.org/articles/pmc5906619. It was published in Nature earlier this year and is on Australian horses.

And there is this on running speeds in humans, horses, and dogs:
http://jeb.biologists.org/content/211/24/3836

If you have a lot of time to spend, this is worth reading: Genetic Improvement of the Horse http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/vi…nimalscifacpub

To me, “getting faster at shorter distances” = “getting faster.”
I don’t see how “getting faster at shorter distances” = “getting slower” as you implied.

But the toughest part in assessing this is that it’s not as black and white as looking at track records. There’s an expression “time only matters when you’re in jail.” While you’re completely right that we’re not putting up “new” records on a regular basis, the other part of the equation is everything else that has changed.

For example, do you know why there aren’t new track records at Pimlico? It’s funny you chose that track, because for anyone who follows Pimlico, they can articulate exactly why there aren’t new track records. Pimlico would have been razed decades ago if it weren’t for the Preakness. They have not hosted the same caliber of race meetings in the 21st century as they did up through the 1990s; for most of the past two decades, racing there has been pared down to the bare bones just to keep the place operational for the Triple Crown. When there are horses running, the quality of races carded is a far cry from what it was in the 20th century. Pimlico is “bad evidence” to use.

You’d be better to look at somewhere like Belmont Park, whose operation and surface has been fairly consistent from 20th century to today:

https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqb…trk=BEL&cy=USA

But Belmont doesn’t really support the idea that horses are getting slower, as there is a mixed representation of eras represented. And it’s worth noting that several of the distances that don’t have a “recent” record are distances that have become increasingly rare to use in day-to-day racing (12 furlongs, 13 furlongs, etc.).

If you looked at Keeneland, you might think all horses are getting faster in this past decade:
https://www.equibase.com/premium/eqbTrackRecords.cfm?trk=KEE&cy=USA

But what those numbers don’t include is how the records were reset when the track changed from dirt to artificial surface in 2006, then reset again when they switched back to dirt in 2015.

Bottom line, track records alone aren’t the best data to use to reach any conclusions on this topic.

I really appreciate the links to the papers and do plan on reading them when I have more time. I just haven’t gotten to look at them at this point.

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Tracks regularly overhaul their surfaces, so what horses ran on 30 - 50 years ago is different from what they run on today. Speaking of Pimlico, that track would get scary fast right around Preakness. They’ve discontinued that practice for the most part.

They’ve also disallowed some types of shoes that really gave the horses great traction.

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Exactly. Thanks for saying it conscisely. Those are some of the exact examples of “the other part of the equation.”

As Palm Beach said.

Comparing times, to then and now, even 5-10 years ago doesn’t mean much. Racing surfaces have been replaced usually not with the same materials. The track super has a lot of control of how the surface will play, favor different horses. They can scrape it and make it lightening fast. Leave it deep and slow. In years past tracks have been accused of preparing the surface to favor a certain horse.

Then there is the issue of “run-up” distances. That are never consistent. Even at the same track on any given day at times. Andy Beyer wrote a good article a few years ago about the nonsense of times, track records because of the inconsistent use of “run-up” timing. In short he said and he is right. Track records, times in general are worthless by and large.

In Europe little to no attention is paid to the time of a race. Trainers as a rule don’t carry a stopwatch when watching their horse work. European racing does not use “run-up” timing. The timing of the race starts with the first horse to leave the gate. That’s why a lot of races seem slow to Americans. Had to point this out all the time to clients when pitching a horse that was for sale to bring to this country to run.

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