Just like a TB will respond instinctually in different way than a QH (in broad generalities), breeding/training/handling/ownership can make both bomb-proof, kid-safe etc. (whatever metric you want to use). There are generations of breeding that determine the first response from that little lizard part of their brains that reacts before thinking.
A Pit Bull (while not a breed per se) will also always have a different response instinctually than a Maltese, or a St. Bernard, Great Dane, Terrier etc. Breeding/training/ownership/handling can make all those (except the mentally ill, of which there are some) into “good dogs.”
During the last week of my JRTs first obedience class, the trainer brought in a stuffed dancing chicken (you know the ones that play annoying music) and set it off to expose the dogs to a strange stimuli. Some dogs sat there and looked confused, some cowered behind their chairs. My JRT? Tried to attack it - PREY. The class laughed at the difference between the other dogs and the typical terrier.
I am willing to bet that the dog that attacked the OP had never been to an obedience class (or taught anything at home), wasn’t exercised regularly, wasn’t socialized, etc. etc. etc. Even if it had, it would still have responded differently than a Bichon or something, but may have remained under control.
Nature is important (as I have seen with my pets/horses AND my kids, LOL), but nurture is important too for either enhancing or downplaying natural tendencies. It’s not one or the other…
OP- hope you and your dog are OK, and hope animal control is taking you seriously.