To me an emergency stop is what you would do when something happens ahead of you that you weren’t anticipating or expecting.
There’s a difference between an “Emergency Stop” and stopping a horse that’s bolting. HUGE DIFFERENCE.
For the former which I took you to mean you need to stop in a hurry, you merely lean forward which, if you’re driving a 2 wheeler, will put weight through the tugs and saddle onto the horse and ask and then if needed take a great handful of reins and haul in. Saying “Woa” at the same time.
If you’re in a vehicle with brakes then you apply them as well.
If you’ve grooms on the back step then they need to get their weight forward on the horse/s too.
Not pretty but all effective!
That’s the simple answer but what I always want to say to folks is if you’re having to ask strangers how to stop a riding or driving horse then you’re not ready to go out with one yet and need to go to an instructor.
However this post seemed to morph from just an “Emergency Stop” to stopping a bolting horse.
Big Difference!
So you then have to understand what a “true” bolt or runaway actually is and also to understand that its REALLY REALLY rare.
There’s a HUGE difference between a horse that’s momentarily fearful and has taken off for a bit and a horse who’s LOST ITS BRAIN. The first isn’t bolting, but rather a spook and scoot. Bolting is another ballgame.
I’ve had no more than 4 true “bolters” in decades of training horses. I’ve had a quite a few though that all too often employed the spook and scoot or runaway tactic. The latter IMO isn’t even bolting.
There is a massive difference between a horse spooking and scooting away under the rider or driver for a few strides across or down to the other end of the arena, or say a racehorse or some other “hot/excitable” horse who takes hold of the reins and goes for a bit of a run because he got excited or tired of the rider/driver holding the bit, and a horse who bolts.
So then bolting:
First off you need to absolutely understand that a true bolt is a VERY rare thing.
So IMO it would be somewhat absurd to go setting up with something to bring a horse to it’s knees on the off chance it might one day lose it’s mind and bolt.
There are two kinds of bolting:
The kind where the horse completely loses its mental capabilities to ‘think’ AND DOES NOT REGAIN THEM FOR SOME TIME. The horse is literally in a panic and running for it’s life and sometimes this horse will run itself right into obstacles immediately in its path because it does not ‘see’ them in the panic. You’re not going to stop this horse until he runs out of gas or comes to his senses.
The second kind is the ‘clever’ horse that does it because he’s not happy with what’s currently going on. This is a horse that’s used bolting to get rid out of the situation its in and is fully aware of what’s going on. This horse often likes to include bucking as they’re galloping off with all their might. This kind you can stop, if you can stay astride or aboard long enough have the riding/driving skill.
It’s true to say that when compared to a bolt or runaway with a rider, the driver has intrinsic higher risk of more serious injury.
Accidents with a driving horse by their nature just aren’t like they are with a riding horse. Intrinsically are potentially they are always much more serious - lets say a bit of harness fails and the carriage tips or the carriage gets caught on something and then a bit of harness fails - the very event in itself puts on a “command” to the horse that you don’t want: all of a sudden something breaks and slackens and puts pressure elsewhere so there’s a command and then the spook and scoot occurs … but as the horse begins its run away lets say the carriage tips the driver falls out - When a rider falls off he merely risks being hit by a hoof and an awkward fall on the hard ground. The driver in addition to that also has the vehicle to contend with. He hits the deck and then gets smacked with or run over by a great heavy carriage. And trust me, they hurt and do SERIOUS damage!
What happens is that when the horse is now off on its flight and fright response and because the carriage is being dragged say with a failed harness slapping and flapping and staying with the horse, then the horse’s mind stays switched into its flight and fright mode and what would be a spook and scoot or short burst with a riding horse continues on as the horse gallops. The carriage continues often smashing into things - all of which further terrifies the horse and it cannot switch its mind back to “nothing to fear” mode.
A horse is a fright and flight animal when its GENUINELY in that mode its not thinking or listening at all to any rider or driver but its more likely to “switch back” quicker and recover its composure when its being ridden. When its bolting its looking after itself - its not at all concerned about anything else. As a rider all you have to do is sit on. As a driver you have to hope to hell that the horse isn’t going to go somewhere or do something in its panic to escape and flight that’s going to smack or tip the carriage.
In terms of practicalities your aim is to do all possible to keep the carriage running and yourself in it and safe for as long as possible and until the horse “switches back”. So if you are faced with a bolt or runaway, then if at all possible you’re best off staying on the straight - no turning, no risking a carriage tip up and try to make the going as heavy and as hard as possible for the horse. So that means apply brakes, put weight on and if possible even aim to put the horse into a ploughed field if you’re used to and have the skills to drive off road. And rather than putting constant Pull or pressure on the reins, ask and release, ask and release then ASK, ASK, ASK.
In truth though the best and most effective way to manage such circumstances is prevention. That means ensuring the horse is well trained and confident. In particular it must be confident that in the driver’s ability.
Its not just about building it in the horse - the horse develops it from having confidence in the driver and knowing that the driver isn’t going to ask anything of him that puts him in pain or danger. No driver has the right to be trusted and no driver should expect his horse to be confident. You earn it be being competent and consistent and managing risks. I passionately believe no book in the world can teach the driver those practical kinesthetic skills.
Its about building skill, putting skills into practice and so gaining experience and in gaining experience, learning from it and developing aptitude and competence and confidence which in turn means the horse will trust you.
Prevention is also about ensuring your harness is routinely checked and inspected and that you check and check again every time you put a horse to harness to ensure you’ve attached everything properly.
It’s also about ensuring your vehicle is suitable and fit for purpose and that it’s not going to fail or tip as soon as it comes under strain.
Finally it’s about being aware as a driver and being one step ahead and learning to “think and read horse” and ensuring your confidence is in sync with your competence (and never exceeds it!)