TB kills the jump?

[QUOTE=Willesdon;7609776]
Agree tuckawayfarm . Also depends on the discipline and how horses are recorded

http://www.horsetelex.com/horses/pedigree/597343

Full Hanoverian papers, 76% TB, Gold medal and world and European champion[/QUOTE]

This may seem like splitting hairs but I feel the need to point out that La Biosthetique Sam is actually registered Baden-Wurttemburg, not Hanoverian. He is an exceptional horse, so I want to be sure to give credit where credit is due. :wink:

There are several good examples of “papered” Hanoverians with predominantly TB blood that are successful in international eventing in the Butts Horses: Butts Leon and Butts Abraxxas (both members of the gold medal-winning Olympic team in Hong Kong, both over 99% TB from breeding generations of TB stallions onto a Hanoverian damline). However, it is important to remember that the breeding program that produced these talented horses produced top eventers, not show jumpers - a whole different kettle of fish where TBs are concerned.

[QUOTE=SEPowell;7610721]
That’s your point of the thread.

The actual quote and question was whether or not breeding to a thoroughbred will kill the jump in a warmblood. Many of us are simply trying to dispel that myth. The thoroughbred may add other qualities to the get that will make winning at that level difficult, but the jump is not going to suffer. That is of course assuming you use a tb with the desirable conformation for jumping.

There are a few more myths to dispel about thoroughbreds and jumping. Twice in this thread it was said that thoroughbreds have a powerful jump when galloping and thus their success at jumping 5 and 6 foot jumps when steeplechasing. But even perfectly conditioned steeplechasers can’t fly every jump and remain competitive in a four mile race. It takes too much energy to fly them. In an interview with Jody Petty, jockey of this year’s winner of The Maryland Hunt Cup riding Guts for Garters, he said that at the 16th fence, the largest jump on the course, his horse was forced to jump it from almost a standstill after another horse darted into his path.

Guts for Garters was bred in Ireland but in the forth generation you see many North American bred horses; Riverman Nijinsky, a mare by Chieftan, a mare by Swaps and Bold Lad is by Bold Ruler. The second place horse in the 2014 Maryland Hunt Cup was Imperial Way, by Point Given out of a Rahy mare; very American breeding. Imperial Way started his racing career at Belmont and moved into steeplechasing as a second career.

Point Given stands for $10,000 which actually does not seem like much when you consider price of some show jumpers. But Point Given doesn’t have the classic show horse look and I doubt if anyone in the world of warmblood breeding would consider breeding to him or his phenotype. Similarly, the look of Northern Dancer horrified many jumper breeders in Europe. But for steeplechasing Northern Dancer sired two excellent jumping sires that I can think of off the top of my head, Northern Baby and Nijinsky. As a side note, Northern Dancer is way back in Guts for Garters pedigree.

For those of you who said thoroughbreds who can jump are too hard to identify, it’s interesting to note that Guts for Garters was bought after his current trainer watched him on a video. She did not fly to Ireland and look at him before buying him. She grew up around steeplechasing and knows her game. It’s there for anyone to learn.

By writing this I’m not suggesting that warmblood breeders or any sporthorse breeder change a strategy that works for them. However, I do think they should be careful about making sweeping statements about a subject where they seem to have limited knowledge. In the end they discredit themselves.[/QUOTE]

The jump absolutely suffers ! Go to Europe where they breed sporthorses
see what happens in F-1
there are almost none showing. Why ? Because the damn jump suffered !

Go to a TB Stallion approval in a European WB Studbook
they don’t ask them to free jump the same heights as the other stallions. Why ? Because the damn jump suffers !

Go to any major GP in the world and there are almost no half TB horses there. Why ? Because the damn jump suffered !

The TB has been relegated to only the TB Stallion contributing to the generational production of the warmblood. Even this practice is at an all time low. Why ? Because the damn jump suffers !

This is not a myth and you can’t dispel it.

[QUOTE=Bayhawk;7610744]
The jump absolutely suffers ! Go to Europe where they breed sporthorses
see what happens in F-1
there are almost none showing. Why ? Because the damn jump suffered !

Go to a TB Stallion approval in a European WB Studbook
they don’t ask them to free jump the same heights as the other stallions. Why ? Because the damn jump suffers !

Go to any major GP in the world and there are almost no half TB horses there. Why ? Because the damn jump suffered !

The TB has been relegated to only the TB Stallion contributing to the generational production of the warmblood. Even this practice is at an all time low. Why ? Because the damn jump suffers !

This is not a myth and you can’t dispel it.[/QUOTE]
I’m sure that you are well informed. I watched the hamburg derby last weekend and there was one stallion which thank god did not suffer from his TB father. OK he did not too well in the Final Competition, but he qualified for it and had a beautiful first qualifying round. Danthes H

www.youtube.com/watch?v=EoVyEy48jt8

Yes, I mentioned Danthes H earlier in this thread but I think no one looked at my links.

I am not saying that everyone should be breeding (with) Thoroughbred horses for breeding showjumpers. But I also think that breeding with a Thoroughbred does not always do harm (when breeding an F1).
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=488948
http://www.harasdelavie.be/_html/start.php?taal=en&page=90&id=28
The pedigree of Eurocommerce Berlin consists of the best Holstein show-jumping lineages combined with a powerful dam-line. Sire Cassini I (by Capitol I) caused sensation in the international show-jumping sport under Franke Sloothaak. And in breeding Cassini I has been at least as successful with a series of offspring active in the international sport such as Ingmar, Coco, Cumano, Carino and Olympic. Remarkable is also the fact that Berlin’s dam Estia (by Caretino) has been successful at the highest level of show-jumping under her sporting-name Cathleen W, ridden by Marc Wirths. This mare definitely did not get her jumping genes by accident. Her grand-dam Ostia (by Freeman xx) became world-famous under the name of Frimella. Ridden by respectively Alois Pollmann-Schweckhorst and Willi Melliger this noble mare cantered many laps of honor. After her sports-career Frimella produced, among others, the international show-jumping horse Lorina II (by Lombard). The family of Berlin, Holstein lineage 890, is one of the most successful sports-lineages in Holstein breeding. Other reputable members of this family are, for instance, the famous Grand Prix show-jumpers Feodora, Crocodile Dandy, Corinessa, Quebec, Tinka’s Lad and Caitano.
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=763444
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=587110
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=10287387
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=10210310
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=10217705
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=10459547
http://sporthorse-data.com/d?i=10218035
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=10426571
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=10341691
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=563402
http://sporthorse-data.com/d?i=10214329
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=10213072
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=10350658
http://sporthorse-data.com/d?i=361409
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=383467
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=10481528
http://www4.arabian-data.com/d?i=10449771
http://www.horsetelex.fr/clienthorses/view/44889
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=549447
http://www.monrieveperformancehorses.com.au/monrievech.htm
Marscay, born 1979, Chestnut Stallion, by Biscay xx/ To Market xx/ Beau Max xx
Sire of international showjumpers including LL Zazu and Loves a Challenge.
Numerous Marscay son’s are throwing quiet smart jumpers. A list of some of his son’s.Maizcay,Dartmouth,Rave Report, Mighty Grey, Jetball, Skilful Star, Reenact, Blazing Sword,Encores, Deceitful, Gambler and Marcede (Produced Feebee).

http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=549447
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=10205310
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=10209916

[QUOTE=Bayhawk;7610744]
The jump absolutely suffers ! Go to Europe where they breed sporthorses
see what happens in F-1
there are almost none showing. Why ? Because the damn jump suffered !

Go to a TB Stallion approval in a European WB Studbook
they don’t ask them to free jump the same heights as the other stallions. Why ? Because the damn jump suffers !

Go to any major GP in the world and there are almost no half TB horses there. Why ? Because the damn jump suffered !

The TB has been relegated to only the TB Stallion contributing to the generational production of the warmblood. Even this practice is at an all time low. Why ? Because the damn jump suffers !

This is not a myth and you can’t dispel it.[/QUOTE]

You’re playing with genetics, you can’t make such definitive statements in the genetics game especially when evidence against your theory is presented. How big is this pool of jump killing thoroughbred stallions? And how do thoroughbred mares effect the jump? How big is that pool? There’s a gap in your logic and neither you nor I know how to fill in that blank. The genetics game is mercurial and it’s very foolish to take a small pool of horses and make a blanket cause effect statement about breeding impact, especially in the face of evidence that thoroughbreds pack a tremendous jump.

The fact is there are thoroughbreds out there who are jumping machines but you will never see them in the show ring because the racing community isn’t going to send them there and the show community isn’t going to send their mares to these stallions or purchase any of these mares. This will remain a moot point and making a sweeping definitive statement like yours is very short sighted.

[QUOTE=SEPowell;7611004]
You’re playing with genetics, you can’t make such definitive statements in the genetics game especially when evidence against your theory is presented. How big is this pool of jump killing thoroughbred stallions? And how do thoroughbred mares effect the jump? How big is that pool? There’s a gap in your logic and neither you nor I know how to fill in that blank. The genetics game is mercurial and it’s very foolish to take a small pool of horses and make a blanket cause effect statement about breeding impact, especially in the face of evidence that thoroughbreds pack a tremendous jump.

The fact is there are thoroughbreds out there who are jumping machines but you will never see them in the show ring because the racing community isn’t going to send them there and the show community isn’t going to send their mares to these stallions or purchase any of these mares. This will remain a moot point and making a sweeping definitive statement like yours is very short sighted.[/QUOTE]

I can prove it and I can see it. Just look. They aren’t there. I promise you if they were good enough they would be there just like Corde la bryere , Landgraf and Lord were there. We could see them. We could see that they jumped and sired jump. There are always exceptions but as a whole they are not there.

Quit telling us about jump packing TB’s that are in Kentucky or somewhere. You don’t know if they are jump packing or not
you don’t know and you can only speculate.

Bottom line is TB’s are almost irrelevant in todays sporthorse world of top competition and breeding. They had their day
they did their job and they are done for now. Since Ladykiller xx , Cottage Son xx , Rantzau xx , Laudanum xx , Heraldik xx etc. ALL Jump killers


I am not a breeder but I am interested in this subject
 I have a question
 Why are Wbs not breeds? They are registries
 You can mix a multitude of different horses and register it with multiple registries? A tb is a Tb no matter what
 doesn’t a breed have a closed stud book?
A Fine Romance is a lovely TB stallion for sport no? ( he is pensioned now)
Coconut Grove was a lovely jumper too


[QUOTE=Elles;7610921]
I am not saying that everyone should be breeding (with) Thoroughbred horses for breeding showjumpers. But I also think that breeding with a Thoroughbred does not always do harm (when breeding an F1).
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=488948
http://www.harasdelavie.be/_html/start.php?taal=en&page=90&id=28
The pedigree of Eurocommerce Berlin consists of the best Holstein show-jumping lineages combined with a powerful dam-line. Sire Cassini I (by Capitol I) caused sensation in the international show-jumping sport under Franke Sloothaak. And in breeding Cassini I has been at least as successful with a series of offspring active in the international sport such as Ingmar, Coco, Cumano, Carino and Olympic. Remarkable is also the fact that Berlin’s dam Estia (by Caretino) has been successful at the highest level of show-jumping under her sporting-name Cathleen W, ridden by Marc Wirths. This mare definitely did not get her jumping genes by accident. Her grand-dam Ostia (by Freeman xx) became world-famous under the name of Frimella. Ridden by respectively Alois Pollmann-Schweckhorst and Willi Melliger this noble mare cantered many laps of honor. After her sports-career Frimella produced, among others, the international show-jumping horse Lorina II (by Lombard). The family of Berlin, Holstein lineage 890, is one of the most successful sports-lineages in Holstein breeding. Other reputable members of this family are, for instance, the famous Grand Prix show-jumpers Feodora, Crocodile Dandy, Corinessa, Quebec, Tinka’s Lad and Caitano.
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=763444
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=587110
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=10287387
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=10210310
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=10217705
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=10459547
http://sporthorse-data.com/d?i=10218035
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=10426571
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=10341691
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=563402
http://sporthorse-data.com/d?i=10214329
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=10213072
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=10350658
http://sporthorse-data.com/d?i=361409
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=383467
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=10481528
http://www4.arabian-data.com/d?i=10449771
http://www.horsetelex.fr/clienthorses/view/44889
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=549447
http://www.monrieveperformancehorses.com.au/monrievech.htm
Marscay, born 1979, Chestnut Stallion, by Biscay xx/ To Market xx/ Beau Max xx
Sire of international showjumpers including LL Zazu and Loves a Challenge.
Numerous Marscay son’s are throwing quiet smart jumpers. A list of some of his son’s.Maizcay,Dartmouth,Rave Report, Mighty Grey, Jetball, Skilful Star, Reenact, Blazing Sword,Encores, Deceitful, Gambler and Marcede (Produced Feebee).

http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=549447
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=10205310
http://www.sporthorse-data.com/d?i=10209916[/QUOTE]

You did all this just to show us that Freeman xx is the 4th sire of Cumano ? Cumano is not a TB. Cumano is a Holsteiner with a TB Stallion in the 4th generation.

All the ancestors within (let’s say) the last nine generations in the pedigree of today’s great horses (performance and quality of offspring) must have been good horses able to produce (either mare or stallion, TB or non TB) an outstanding sporthorse son or daughter. With the right mate of course. The good traits might occassionaly skip one generation but often do show up in the next.
That is what I meant to say.

[QUOTE=Bayhawk;7611021]
I can prove it and I can see it. Just look. They aren’t there. I promise you if they were good enough they would be there just like Corde la bryere , Landgraf and Lord were there. We could see them. We could see that they jumped and sired jump. There are always exceptions but as a whole they are not there.

Quit telling us about jump packing TB’s that are in Kentucky or somewhere. You don’t know if they are jump packing or not
you don’t know and you can only speculate.

Bottom line is TB’s are almost irrelevant in todays sporthorse world of top competition and breeding. They had their day
they did their job and they are done for now. Since Ladykiller xx , Cottage Son xx , Rantzau xx , Laudanum xx , Heraldik xx etc. ALL Jump killers
[/QUOTE]

Sorry, they’re all over the east coast. My eyes have seen them but they don’t play in your world.

[QUOTE=SEPowell;7611084]
Sorry, they’re all over the east coast. My eyes have seen them but they don’t play in your world.[/QUOTE]

I live in VA. I see them all the way from FL and up thru New England
they are not there. If they were there
riders would be showing them. 99% of the top sporthorses in the world are not TB’s.

I admire the appreciation
even in blind faith.

[QUOTE=Bayhawk;7600067]
you are not realizing that there are MANY more that were breeding , injured or their rider was injured during this last compilation. I guess you think Casall just dropped of the face of the earth ? No , his rider was injured as an example , thus eliminating Casall from the top 30. It’s safe to assume he would have been there , after all , he has been ranked #1 in the world.

Who do you think made Cornet Obolensky who is sire to many of these horses on the list ? The Holsteiner Stallion Clinton who is by the Holsteiner Stallion Corrado I .

So lets summarize
Holstein possesses 14 of the top 25 motherlines in the world , including the positions of 1st , 2nd and 3rd.

They currently are responsible for the 2nd and 3rd ranked jumpers in the world.

Out of the 30 top ranked sires in the world
13 of those are Holsteiner Stallions
almost 50 % !

Viney says they are fading
[/QUOTE]

I never post on these sort of things, but I love reading the different viewpoints on both sides and am an avid lurker. This post has been sticking with me for awhile because it seems to be a little hypocritical (for lack of a better word), maybe double standard would be a better description. If the talent for these horses can be attributed to the Holsteiners in their pedigrees, then why can’t talent be attributed to the Thoroughbreds in the pedigree? Horses that have that much TB blood in them can’t have their talent, or jump, solely accounted for by the Warmblood lines.

And I know this is a topic for another thread, but tracking and trying to look at bloodlines of horses showing in the upper levels in the U.S. is like trying to walk through quicksand uphill. Remember the whole controversy over Ace (Mezcalero x Unknown TB mare)? Do you think the mare killed his jump? Then you have the problem of trainers who sell a horse as a Warmblood instead of as a TB. So saying you don’t know of any on the east coast doesn’t mean there aren’t any. And I’m not just talking Thoroughbreds, I’m also referring to F1 progeny.

Not really on either side, just don’t think any ancestor that goes into a top athlete should be discounted. For what it’s worth, my mare had the talent to do the big jumps, I just didn’t have the funds or means to take her there before her injury. She is by a KWPN stallion who was by a KWPN approved Thoroughbred and out of a KWPN mare, her dam was a Thoroughbred who I believe showed in the bigger classes (the one picture I have of her is at a show over some big sticks). I don’t attribute her ability to her one KWPN grandparent.

Like I said, I don’t normally post, but I’d been waiting to see someone bring this point up.

Flightcrash that is what I meant to make clear, all the good in a certain horse can not all be attributed to the “none TB’s” in a pedigree. And these none TB’s often have quite a bit of TB blood in their veins anyway.

[QUOTE=Bayhawk;7611125]
I live in VA. I see them all the way from FL and up thru New England
they are not there. If they were there
riders would be showing them. 99% of the top sporthorses in the world are not TB’s.

I admire the appreciation
even in blind faith.[/QUOTE]
That doesn’t mean tha they CAN’T be.

Why not look at the “other” half of the equation, the human element.
I would argue that influences far away from the show ring or the “sporthorse” breeding world have changed.

Were all those TB influenced horses ridden by German riders? The American forward seat and the TB are built for one another. Add too much TB (especially Bold Ruler lines) and then put a rider on who keeps their shoulders behind their hips and you have a recipe for disaster.

In this country, the TB has earned the reputation as the “poor riders horse” because they can be found for low prices and even a made one jumping around 3’6-4’ is hard to sell, not because they CANNOT jump well or carry an ammy but because buyers are loathe to spend money on something when the perception is that they “should be free.” If they think that the seller may have bought the horse for $1k, they don’t want to buy it for $20k even though they couldn’t have made it an ammy proof A/O horse in 2 years time from track to today.
Many bigger name trainers started realizing that more money was to be made selling 3/4 made WB’s than buying and restarting TB’s, as most trainers did back in the 60’s and 70’s. Younger riders who are now trainers have no idea how to ride a TB much less start one off the track.
Fact is that a huge percentage of those “non TB’s” are 1/4 or 1/2 TB. When I was a kid they would have been called “part bred” or “half bred” or dare I say it “grade” horses but now that all the WB registries are established here and so few trainers know how to ride a TB, a hald TB is called and “Oldenburg” or “Hanoverian.” Either way, it sells for more and that’s really what it’s all about, no?

I watched the Worldcup final of the pentathlon today
 The Horses were donated by their Owners for the competition and every participant drew a horse. This is in Florida and so many of the Horses were OTTBs some were Irish Sporthorses, Hannoverians, an Arabian Oldenburg mix and some pintos . I guess whatever was available to jump. Its not GP Level but the riders dont know the Horses.
My Favorites were 2 OTTBs and the Arabian Oldenburg mix

I especially loved that one OTTB.
I’m German and IMO the Americans have a Huge advantage in their breedingstock with all the TBs. I cant believe they dont recognize it
 In Europe breeders are desperately sesrching for good TBs
 We dont have the amount of racehorses to Chose from


[QUOTE=Linny;7611990]
That doesn’t mean tha they CAN’T be.

Why not look at the “other” half of the equation, the human element.
I would argue that influences far away from the show ring or the “sporthorse” breeding world have changed.

Were all those TB influenced horses ridden by German riders? The American forward seat and the TB are built for one another. Add too much TB (especially Bold Ruler lines) and then put a rider on who keeps their shoulders behind their hips and you have a recipe for disaster.

In this country, the TB has earned the reputation as the “poor riders horse” because they can be found for low prices and even a made one jumping around 3’6-4’ is hard to sell, not because they CANNOT jump well or carry an ammy but because buyers are loathe to spend money on something when the perception is that they “should be free.” If they think that the seller may have bought the horse for $1k, they don’t want to buy it for $20k even though they couldn’t have made it an ammy proof A/O horse in 2 years time from track to today.
Many bigger name trainers started realizing that more money was to be made selling 3/4 made WB’s than buying and restarting TB’s, as most trainers did back in the 60’s and 70’s. Younger riders who are now trainers have no idea how to ride a TB much less start one off the track.
Fact is that a huge percentage of those “non TB’s” are 1/4 or 1/2 TB. When I was a kid they would have been called “part bred” or “half bred” or dare I say it “grade” horses but now that all the WB registries are established here and so few trainers know how to ride a TB, a hald TB is called and “Oldenburg” or “Hanoverian.” Either way, it sells for more and that’s really what it’s all about, no?[/QUOTE]

No one seems to have explained (IMO) how a horse who is 75%, or more, TB, suddenly becomes not-TB by virtue of a brand on his butt. . .it’s like the quarter horses that show in the jumping classes at the big AQHA shows–they register them as “appendix” but if you didn’t see their papers you’d sure think they were
TBs.

I live in VA. I see them all the way from FL and up thru New England
they are not there. If they were there
riders would be showing them. 99% of the top sporthorses in the world are not TB’s.

I admire the appreciation
even in blind faith.

[QUOTE=Bayhawk;7611021]
I can prove it and I can see it. Just look. They aren’t there. I promise you if they were good enough they would be there just like Corde la bryere , Landgraf and Lord were there. We could see them. We could see that they jumped and sired jump. There are always exceptions but as a whole they are not there.

Quit telling us about jump packing TB’s that are in Kentucky or somewhere. You don’t know if they are jump packing or not
you don’t know and you can only speculate.

Bottom line is TB’s are almost irrelevant in todays sporthorse world of top competition and breeding. They had their day
they did their job and they are done for now. Since Ladykiller xx , Cottage Son xx , Rantzau xx , Laudanum xx , Heraldik xx etc. ALL Jump killers
[/QUOTE]

Your logic is flawed. There are simply too many variables for you to make such a sweeping statement. Many people have pointed them out for you, but you have only one measure of a thoroughbred’s jump, however flawed that is.

Quite honestly I don’t care what you say to your inner circle, but I really don’t like to see you bully that opinion to people who think they can learn something on forums like this one.

Good point Linny.

Back in the day the 1/2 and 3/4 TBs were for riders that were not good enough to handle a physically fit full TB. They were quieter, less reactive, and much more forgiving of imperfect riders. These part TBs were also usually much cheaper than pure TBs, unlike today. And, of course, non-TBs “killed the speed.”

It takes a good rider to ride a TB effectively so that it “looks good” over fences. It usually takes a light hand to ride TBs effectively over jumps. It definitely takes more boldness to ride a TB well. If they are not ridden well or if their rider is not bold they tend to either rebel or “suck back” when they meet unforgiving hands. That does not work too well in show jumping. If they are mounted by a good enough rider many of them will try to jump the moon for their riders, who have to be secure in the saddle to handle the power.

But then I am prejudiced. If I could do show jumping it would be TB all the way for me. Yes, I would have to pick the right one, and I would have to be a very good rider to train and ride one. The horse would make it worth it. HEART!!!

Kind of funny, and again, I say this as someone who loves tbs but understands warmbloods are the marketplace for sporthorses, but my experience is many Tbs are actually much, much more tolerant of mistakes than some warmbloods. Many fox hunters for instance are God awful riders, and God bless the thoroughbreds who tolerate them. I worked with a BNT who was also a TB breeder: one of his favorite saying was when you make a mistake on a warmblood, he makes you pay for it; when you make a mistake on a thoroughbred, he thinks it’s his fault."

All of this talk of TBs being too “athletic” for many riders is absolutely nonsense.

ETA with the exception of one, all of my TBs were born packers. My WBs are much spicier.